Linguagem oral, processamento fonológico e memória visuoespacial em crianças com histórico de subnutrição leve na primeira infância / Oral language, phonological processing, and visuospatial memory in children with a history of mild malnutrition in early childhood

RESUMO Objetivo investigar o desempenho de crianças com histórico de subnutrição de grau leve na primeira infância, em tarefas que avaliam a linguagem oral, processamento fonológico e memória visuoespacial. Método participaram 36 crianças (media de idade 5,3 anos; desvio padrão = 0,57), sendo nove crianças que tiveram diagnóstico de subnutrição entre 0 e 3 anos de idade (G1); nove eutróficas e com atraso de linguagem (G2) e 18 crianças eutróficas com desenvolvimento típico de linguagem (G3). Todas foram submetidas a procedimentos de triagem auditiva, diagnóstico do estado nutricional atual e testes de linguagem, processamento fonológico e de memória operacional - esboço visuoespacial. Foi realizada análise estatística por meio do Teste de Igualdade de Proporções e Kruskal-Wallis (α = 5%). Resultados foram observadas diferenças no desempenho nas tarefas de linguagem receptiva e expressiva de G1 e G2, em relação ao G3. O desempenho nas tarefas de memória de trabalho - esboço visuoespacial foi significativamente diferente entre G1 e G3 e G2 e G3. Não houve diferença entre os grupos no teste de vocabulário emissivo, aspecto fonológico, consciência fonológica e memória operacional fonológica. Conclusão crianças com histórico de subnutrição de grau leve durante o período crítico de desenvolvimento cerebral podem apresentar prejuízos na linguagem, principalmente na área receptiva, e desempenho restrito em outras habilidades cognitivas, tais como memória de trabalho - esboço visuoespacial.

ABSTRACT Purpose To investigate the performance of children with a history of mild malnutrition in early childhood in tasks that assess oral language, phonological processing and visuospatial memory. Methods Thirty-six children participated (mean age 5.3 years; standard deviation = 0.57), with 9 children diagnosed with malnutrition between 0 and 3 years old (G1); 9 eutrophic and with language delay (G2) and; 18 eutrophic children with typical language development (G3). All were submitted to hearing screening procedures, diagnosis of current nutritional status and tests of language, phonological processing and working memory - visuospatial sketch. Statistical analysis was performed using the Test of Equality of Proportions and the Kruskal-Wallis test (α = 5%). Results Differences were observed in the performance in receptive and expressive language tasks of G1 and G2 in relation to G3. Performance on working memory tasks - visuospatial sketch was significantly different between G1 and G3 and G2 and G3. There was no difference between the groups concerning expressivevocabulary, phonological aspect, phonological awareness and phonological working memory. Conclusion Children with a history of mild malnutrition during the critical period of brain development may have language impairments, especially in the receptive area, and restricted performance in other cognitive skills, such as working memory - visuospatial sketch.

Treinamento breve de consciência fonológica: impacto sobre a alfabetização / Brief training of phonological awareness: impact on literacy

OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o impacto de um treinamento de consciência fonológica breve sobre o processo de alfabetização. MÉTODO: Foram avaliados, por meio do Raven, TDE e CONFIAS, 47 alunos de primeira série, sendo que 23 receberam o treinamento e 24 formaram o grupo controle. O treinamento incluiu atividades de rima, aliteração, consciência de palavras, de sílabas e de fonemas. RESULTADOS: Após a intervenção, observou-se melhora de desempenho em leitura e escrita nos dois grupos. Os resultados do CONFIAS demonstraram melhora significativa do grupo experimental em consciência silábica (t=2,662; p=0,011) e consciência fonológica (t=2,460; p=0,018). CONCLUSÕES: Conclui-se que o treinamento breve aplicado teve efeito positivo, especialmente sobre o desenvolvimento de consciência fonológica, o que pode beneficiar o aprendizado de leitura e escrita.(AU)

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a brief training of phonological awareness on literacy process. METHODS: Forty seven first grade students were evaluated with Raven, TDE and CONFIAS tests; 23 of them were given the training and 24 composed the control group. The training involved activities such as rime, alliteration, awareness of words, syllables and phonemes. RESULTS: After the intervention, reading and writing improved in both groups. The results of CONFIAS showed a significant improvement in training group when it comes to syllabic awareness (t=2.662; p=0.011) and phonological awareness (t=2.460; p=0.018). CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, the brief training used had a positive effect, especially on awareness phonological which can benefit reading and writing learning.(AU)

Treinamento breve de consciência fonológica: impacto sobre a alfabetização / Brief training of phonological awareness: impact on literacy

OBJETIVO: O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o impacto de um treinamento de consciência fonológica breve sobre o processo de alfabetização. MÉTODO: Foram avaliados, por meio do Raven, TDE e CONFIAS, 47 alunos de primeira série, sendo que 23 receberam o treinamento e 24 formaram o grupo controle. O treinamento incluiu atividades de rima, aliteração, consciência de palavras, de sílabas e de fonemas. RESULTADOS: Após a intervenção, observou-se melhora de desempenho em leitura e escrita nos dois grupos. Os resultados do CONFIAS demonstraram melhora significativa do grupo experimental em consciência silábica (t=2,662; p=0,011) e consciência fonológica (t=2,460; p=0,018). CONCLUSÕES: Conclui-se que o treinamento breve aplicado teve efeito positivo, especialmente sobre o desenvolvimento de consciência fonológica, o que pode beneficiar o aprendizado de leitura e escrita.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of a brief training of phonological awareness on literacy process. METHODS: Forty seven first grade students were evaluated with Raven, TDE and CONFIAS tests; 23 of them were given the training and 24 composed the control group. The training involved activities such as rime, alliteration, awareness of words, syllables and phonemes. RESULTS: After the intervention, reading and writing improved in both groups. The results of CONFIAS showed a significant improvement in training group when it comes to syllabic awareness (t=2.662; p=0.011) and phonological awareness (t=2.460; p=0.018). CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, the brief training used had a positive effect, especially on awareness phonological which can benefit reading and writing learning.

Influence of low-level laser associated with osteogenic proteins recombinant human BMP-2 and Hevea brasiliensis on bone repair in Wistar rats.

This study analyzed the newly formed bone tissue after application of recombinant human BMP-2 (rhBMP-2) and P-1 (extracted from Hevea brasiliensis) proteins, 2 weeks after the creation of a critical bone defect in male Wistar rats treated or not with a low-intensity laser (GaAlAs 780 nm, 60 mW of power, and energy density dose of 30 J/cm(2)). The animals were divided into two major groups: (1) bone defect plus low-intensity laser treatment and (2) bone defect without laser irradiation. The following subgroups were also analyzed: (a) 5 µg of pure rhBMP-2; (b) 5 µg of pure P-1 fraction; (c) 5 µg of rhBMP-2/monoolein gel; (d) 5 µg of P-1 fraction/monoolein gel; (e) pure monoolein gel. Comparisons of the groups receiving laser treatment with those that did not receive laser irradiation show differences in the areas of new bone tissue. The group treated with 5 µg of rhBMP-2 and laser irradiation was not significantly different (P >0.05) than the nonirradiated group that received the same treatment. The irradiated, rhBMP-2/monoolein gel treatment group showed a lower area of bone formation than the nonirradiated, rhBMP-2/gel monoolein treatment group (P < 0.001). The area of new bone tissue in the other nonirradiated and irradiated groups was not significantly different (P > 0.05). Furthermore, the group that received the 5 µg of rhBMP-2 application showed the greatest bone formation. We conclude that the laser treatment did not interfere with the area of new bone tissue growth and that the greatest stimulus for bone formation involved application of the rhBMP-2 protein.

Triagem auditiva neonatal em recém-nascidos de mães soropositivas para o HIV / Newborn hearing screening in infants born to HIV-seropositive mothers

OBJETIVO: Analisar as emissões otoacústicas de crianças nascidas de mães soropositivas para o HIV na triagem auditiva neonatal. MÉTODOS: Realizou-se a pesquisa das Emissões Otoacústicas Evocadas por Transiente (EOAT) e do reflexo cócleo-palpebral (RCP) em 247 neonatos, todos nascidos a termo e sem fatores de risco para a audição. O Grupo Controle (GC) foi composto por 167 neonatos e o Grupo Pesquisa (GP) por 80 neonatos expostos ao HIV durante a gestação. Considerou-se "falha" quando o neonato apresentava ausência de EOAT em pelo menos uma das orelhas. Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente. RESULTADOS: No Grupo Pesquisa, oito (10 por cento) neonatos falharam na triagem auditiva neonatal e no Grupo Controle este número foi de sete (4,2 por cento) (p=0,09). No reteste dos neonatos que falharam, houve a persistência da ausência das emissões otoacústicas em um neonato do Grupo Pesquisa (12,5 por cento) e em dois neonatos (28,6 por cento) do Grupo Controle (p=0,6). Em todos os neonatos houve a presença do RCP. CONCLUSÃO: Não houve associação entre ausência de EOA por transiente e a exposição do neonato ao HIV durante a gestação.

PURPOSE: To analyze the otoacoustic emissions (OAE) of the newborn hearing screening of infants born to HIV-seropositive mothers. METHODS: It was carried out the Transient-Evoked OAE and the research of cochleopalpebral reflex in 247 full-term newborns with no risk factors for hearing. The Control Group (CG) comprised 167 infants, and the Research Group (RG), 80 infants that had been exposed to HIV during gestation. It was considered "failure" when the newborn had absence of TOAE in at least one ear. Data were statistically analyzed. RESULTS: In the, Eight infants (10 percent) from the Research Group and seven (4.2 percent) from the Control Group failed in the newborn hearing screening (p=0.09). Retest of the infants who failed showed persistence of the absence of OAE in one subject (12.5 percent) from the Research Group and two (28.6 percent) from the Control Group (p=0.6). Cochleopalpebral reflex was present in all subjects. CONCLUSION: There was no association between the absence of TOAE and the newborn's HIV exposure during gestation.

Newborn hearing screening in infants born to HIV-seropositive mothers.

PURPOSE: To analyze the otoacoustic emissions (OAE) of the newborn hearing screening of infants born to HIV-seropositive mothers. METHODS: It was carried out the Transient-Evoked OAE and the research of cochleopalpebral reflex in 247 full-term newborns with no risk factors for hearing. The Control Group (CG) comprised 167 infants, and the Research Group (RG), 80 infants that had been exposed to HIV during gestation. It was considered "failure" when the newborn had absence of TOAE in at least one ear. Data were statistically analyzed. RESULTS: In the, Eight infants (10%) from the Research Group and seven (4.2%) from the Control Group failed in the newborn hearing screening (p=0.09). Retest of the infants who failed showed persistence of the absence of OAE in one subject (12.5%) from the Research Group and two (28.6%) from the Control Group (p=0.6). Cochleopalpebral reflex was present in all subjects. CONCLUSION: There was no association between the absence of TOAE and the newborn's HIV exposure during gestation.